Pangea: The Supercontinent

Pangea is a supercontinent that existed from 335 to 175 million years ago, it was the most recent supercontinent as tectonic plates reorganized to form one giant landmass. When you picture the Earth in your mind you might picture the Earth as a globe with the 7 continents surrounded by lots of pretty blue water. Well, our Earth hasn’t always looked like that, even after it went through its tumultuous forming and birth. Check out this guide to learn all about the supercontinent, Pangea.

But no other theory can explain so much. Continental drift is without a cause or a physical theory. It has never been applied to any but the last part of geological time. – John Wilson

Pangea, The Supercontinent

Pangea was the continent on Earth that was comprised of all the continents that we know today. Pangea, also called Pangaea, was a massive supercontinent that formed over 335 million years ago (in the Paleozoic era).  About 175 million years ago (during the Mesozoic era) Pangea began to split apart and the continents have moved to where they are now. The theory of Pangea was coined in 1912 by Alfred Wagner in his theory of continental drift.

Pangea was surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa. Panthalassa took up between 70 to 75% of Earth’s surface. An interesting fact is that this superocean is also referred to as the “Paleo-Pacific” because it was from Panthalassa that the Pacific Ocean formed. Scientists believe that Panthalassa’s ocean floor has been completely subducted, or almost “eaten” by the Earth, so we can’t study the ocean floor for fossils of the Pangea age like we want to.

Pangea is believed to be the most recent supercontinent, but it is possible that there may have been other supercontinents before Pangea. Pangea, however, is the only one that scientists can reproduce and have “proof” of.

Terms Associated with Pangea

Before we go any further into Pangea, we need to define some terms to fully understand this concept:

• Pangea – a word derived from ancient Greece, Pan meaning “entire” and Gea meaning “Earth”
  • Literally translates to entire Earth
• Supercontinent – a supercontinent is simply the entire landmasses of Earth combined into one single landmass
• Paleozoic – Greek meaning “old life,” is the first of 3 geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon
• Mesozoic – also called the “age of reptiles,” Greek for “middle life” and is the second of the 3 eras
  • This is the era that saw the drift of Pangea
• Plate tectonics – a scientific theory that describes the motion of the 7 plates on Earth
• Continental drift – the movement of Earth’s continents

Possible Supercontinents before Pangea

Like we said above, it is possible Pangea was the most recent supercontinent, but there may have been others before Pangea. There is some basis for proof of these supercontinents below with the exception of Ur, which we do know existed and was the first continent on Earth.

• Ur – Ur is a continent that existed before Pangea and could be argued to be a supercontinent since it was the only landmass on Earth over 3 billion years ago
  • Ur was a small continent – it was smaller than Australia
• Columbia – also known as Nuna, is possibly the original supercontinent that existed 1.6 billion years ago. It was centered on the north of Earth’s equator
  • This supercontinent is a theory, but scientists
    believe that Columbia broke apart and formed Rodinia
• Rodinia – the supercontinent after Nuna, Rodinia formed around 1.3 billion years ago and is the 2nd supercontinent Earth has had. It was centered near Earth’s equator 
  • Broke apart 800 million years ago and those fragments “drifted” back together to form Pannotia
• Pannotia – this is believed to be the last supercontinent before Pangea, formed from the fragments of Rodinia about 650 million years ago and was actually centered in the South Pole
  • It was short-lived and broke apart about 500 million years ago

It was the fragments of Pannotia that formed Pangea about 335 million years ago.

We wanted to point out the locations and the drift that these supercontinents had starting billions of years ago. Colombia was centered just north of the equator where North America is now. After that split apart Rodinia formed we believe a little south of the equator, but scientists aren’t positive about its exact location. After Rodinia split Pannotia was centered in the south pole. You can quite literally see the drift that these continents had before creating the first few supercontinents.

The Theory of Continental Drift

The theory of continental drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener (a meteorologist) back in 1912. This theory went about to explain the shift in the continents and to explain why fossils of similar animals and plants were found on different continents.

“Continental drift, faults and compressions, earthquakes, volcanicity, transgression cycles and polar wandering are undoubtedly connected causally on a grand scale. Their common intensification in certain periods of the earth’s history shows this to be true. However, what is cause and what effect, only the future will unveil. ” — Alfred L. Wegener

Wegener’s theory of continental drift was actually denounced by fellow scientists because he couldn’t explain a reason as to why the continents shifted. His idea was that the continents shifted because of the centrifugal force of the Earth’s rotation.

Even though his theory was denounced scientists did take the idea of the continents shifting seriously, and scientists have all agreed upon the idea of plate tectonics and that Pangea actually existed as Wegener suggested.

Evidence of Pangea

When you look at the map of the world above you can kind of see how the continents almost fit together. Look at the west side of Africa, then the Eastern part of South America (where Brazil is).  Or even where Saudi Arabia is and how it looks like it originally belonged in Africa near Egypt and Sudan. Or Greenland along the top of the map looks like it can fit along Canada’s Northwestern border. It’s almost like those these landmasses can fit together pretty seamlessly, right? Well, that’s what Francis Bacon noted in 1620 when he said that Africa and Europe looked like jigsaw pieces. He believed that that wasn’t just coincidental but had no other ways to prove that those continents were together at one point in time.

Nowadays, we have pretty good fossil records to help prove Pangea’s existence. Fossils of similar species of animals and plants have been found on separate continents with zero explanation of how they got there. Did they crawl, swim, or even teleport to different parts of the world? Or were the continents once connected?

The Lystrosaurus was dinosaur that dated back about 250 million years ago. Fossils of this dinosaur have been found in Antarctica, India, and South Africa. The question scientists faced is how the heck this species was spread that far apart. That species could not be suited for the barren cold of Antarctica and be suited for the heat in India.

Other fossils of various other plants and animal species have been found to help support the idea of Pangea. You can see in the picture above that the fossil records and where they were found are pretty damning evidence for Pangea.

“Technology has a great advantage in that we are capable of creating dinosaurs and show them on the screen even though they are extinct 65 million years. All of a sudden, we have a fantastic tool that is as good as dreams are.” — Werner Herzog

Scientists have also found additional proof of Pangea in geologic records. Similar glacial deposits have been found in rocks on multiple different continents. Those glacial deposits are the exact same age and structure across the continents, which leads researchers to believe that when that glacier-covered parts of the Earth the continents were near one another.

An extremely damning piece of evidence for Pangea are mountain ranges. Some mountain chains, such as the Appalachian mountains in North America have evidence of being created from plate collisions. Scientists believe that the Appalachian mountains were some of the first collision-built mountain chains. It’s believed that the Appalachians were towards the middle of Pangea, and are also part of the mountain chains found in Morocco. The Himalaya Mountains are another great piece of evidence of Pangea. When Pangea broke apart, the Indian plate began its drift and collided with the Asian plate, producing the Himalayan mountain range. The Indian plate is still moving to this day and the Himalayas are growing at rate of about 1 centimeter a year. The tallest peak of the Himalayan mountains is Mount Everest, which stands at a whopping 29,000 feet and is still growing.

Pangea Breakup

Like some great relationships, Pangea began to grow apart and broke up about 200 million years ago. It split apart into a few continents, called Laurasia and Gondwana. Eventually, Laurasia rotated and split apart to become the continents that we see in the Northern hemisphere now. Gondwana eventually split apart and became the Southern hemisphere that we see today.

The Future of Pangea

The saying “history repeats itself” is very applicable for the future of Earth. As we have learned and seen, Earth’s plates are still moving, and are actually moving back together again to form another supercontinent.

“Once upon a time ‘Pangea was in love with Panthalsa’ and then drift happened.” — Anjum

Amasia

Amasia is predicted to be the next supercontinent, happening in about 50 million years. This will be the merge of North America and Asia, which has actually already begun. The Pacific Plate is already being subducted by the Eurasian and North American plates (the San Andreas fault is one of the boundaries). If these plates continue to subduct the Pacific Plate, there will be a collision between the two landmasses. Scientists predict that Amasia will center over the North Pole in about 50 million years. Now, this is a theory but it does seem to be accepted by the majority of the scientific community.

Pangea Ultima

Pangea Ultima is the next possible supercontinent after Amasia and will occur sometime in 250 million years. This is predicted and is again accepted by the scientific community because of the trend the Earth has already had with the previous supercontinents. Again, the continents will come back together to form another supercontinent, just like before.

Regardless of what the future holds, the discovery and understanding of Pangea help us understand our Earth a little better, and might even prepare humanity for what might happen again in the future.