How Does The Cornea Signal For Help In Wound Healing?

The cornea is the first part of the eye that the light enters to allow us to see. It also acts as a barrier against the external environment, so it is very susceptible to wounding and injury. Given that improper wound healing in the cornea is the fourth-highest cause of preventable blindness according to the World Health Organization, wound healing in the cornea is an important subject of study. Furthermore, common diseases like type-2 diabetes can hinder this process, and it has been an increasing healthcare concern in the U.S. Our goal was to study the mechanism of how the cornea signals to the epithelium for wound healing.

In our past studies, we reported that when the cornea is wounded through scratch-wounding, ATP is released from the injured cells as a signaling molecule. This ATP stimulates two cell receptors, P2X7 and P2Y2, which generate Ca²⁺ signaling. This pathway was found to be important in mediating the wound healing process. The wound healing process coordinates all the epithelial cells in the cornea to move as a unit, suggesting that there is communication between cells that occur during the process. However, the behavior of this Ca²⁺ in the cornea cells has not been fully characterized.

The goal of our study was to develop a computer program system to identify and characterize the Ca²⁺ cell-cell communication in the cornea. We used MATLAB to do this, and we were able to characterize the different Ca²⁺ signaling patterns in P2X7 and P2Y2. The presence of Ca²⁺ signaling in adjacent cells were also seen to be directly associated with changes in cell shape and movement. Overall, the cells at the front of the wound acted like “leader cells” that initiated the cell movement needed for wound healing. We were able to show this in both corneal cell lines and in mouse cornea tissue. Together, our results demonstrate that these Ca²⁺ signals are a vital component in regulating the long-term response to injury in the cornea.

Figure republished with permission from PLOS from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213422

These series of images show how Ca²⁺ signaling between cells correlate with changes in cell shape and movement. The corneal epithelial cells were preincubated with a membrane dye (in orange) and a Ca²⁺ indicator dye (cyan) to visualize the cells. The injury was made by scratch-wounding (indicated in asterisks) and cells that exhibited Ca²⁺ signals (active cells, first row) showed drastic changes in cell motility and cell shape compared to cells that did not have those mobilizations (inactive cells, second row). The same cells were tracked by outlining them over time (third and fourth row) to observe the changes.