The necessary reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere need to occur within the next decades. During that period, significant renewable energy volumes will be installed, but the challenge is which technologies to prioritize.
Currently, wind and solar power for electricity generation have gained momentum, but these technologies will not suffice when considering the heating sector. Experts have suggested the application of solar thermal technologies for heating purposes, but no studies have analyzed this technology in details in the context of an entire national energy system. In addition, a variety of solar thermal types exist, for example, for individual buildings, building blocks, or for larger district network systems.
Filling in this knowledge gap is the purpose of the paper Comprehensive assessment of the role and potential for solar thermal in future energy systems, recently published in Solar Energy by authors Kenneth Hansen and Brian Vad Mathiesen. Four national energy systems were replicated in an advanced energy system analysis tool entitled EnergyPLAN, with the purpose of analyzing the consequences of expanding solar thermal shares in future energy systems. The countries included Germany, Italy, Austria, and Denmark, located in various regions of Europe and differing in terms of energy demands, resources, and climates. These variations in conditions increased the likelihood that the findings can also be applied to other countries comparable to the example countries in the study.
The expansion of solar thermal technologies was investigated in future energy systems resembling the existing systems, but also in systems with reduced heat demands, expanded district heating networks, and in energy systems dominated by renewable energy, excluding the transport and industrial sectors. The effect of expanding solar thermal energy was quantified for primary energy, energy system costs, and CO2-emissions.
Some findings contradicted what intuitively could be expected from integrating further solar thermal into these national energy systems. Most remarkably, installing a fluctuating renewable source such as solar thermal in certain scenarios increased the CO2-emissions to the atmosphere due to the effects on the overall energy system. For example, in countries with cogeneration units for combined electricity and heating generation, solar thermal induced a reduction in the operating hours of these plants. Consequently, other plants producing solely electricity were forced to operate more, thereby reducing the energy system efficiency which caused higher fuel (i.e. coal) consumption.
Similarly, in energy systems with very high renewable energy penetrations, the integration of further solar thermal energy had mixed effects on the indicators. In certain scenarios, solar thermal generation started competing with other lower-cost or fluctuating technologies because of the limitations regarding how much fluctuating energy it is possible to integrate into these energy systems.
The effects on the total energy system costs when installing further solar thermal was rather negligible as some scenarios demonstrated small cost reductions while other scenarios indicated small cost increases. However, the general trend showed that it is more economical to install solar thermal in large-scale district network systems compared to installing a unit in each building. The integration of solar thermal reduced the consumption of solid fuels, which is crucial in a future where the entire energy system is transitioning towards 100% renewable energy. Concretely, the biomass resources are scarce and more vital in the transport and industrial sectors where fewer alternatives to fossil fuels are available. Hence, the role of solar thermal energy in a future energy system should be to reduce the reliance on biomass and other solid fuels to remain within sustainable thresholds.
Finally, limitations to the maximum solar thermal share in each country were identified by investigating the entire energy system. These limitations exist due to the alignment between energy generation and demand, which needs to be analyzed in a high temporal resolution. Furthermore, limitations exist regarding the ability to store excess energy as the solar thermal generation peaks during summer periods where the heat demands are lowest. The maximum solar thermal share of the total heat generation is in the range of 3-12% for these countries, depending on the technology mix in the energy system, developments in energy demands and the number of buildings connected to the solar thermal generation, either directly or indirectly through a network.
These findings are significant, as little research has been conducted about the extent and consequences of solar thermal technologies today and in a future energy system with fewer carbon emissions. Solar thermal technologies should be part of future energy strategies by reducing the dependence on bioenergy and as an option in regions with limited alternative renewable resources. The study supports the prioritization of future energy investments and highlights the importance of investigating the entire energy system, rather than only the consequences in parts of the energy system.
These findings are described in the article entitled Comprehensive assessment of the role and potential for solar thermal in future energy systems, recently published in the journal Solar Energy. This work was conducted by Kenneth Hansen and Brian Vad Mathiesen from the Sustainable Energy Planning Research group at Aalborg University in Denmark.
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Very interesting report and it is important to approach energy utilization impact studies from a holistic model, as the energy system for a city, community or campus operates as a sum of its parts. For too long, both policy and industry has used a myopic lens on individual building scale only, discounting the impacts of integration and optimization and displacement. Moreover, policy and regulators have largely ignored thermal energy, concentrating on the electricity sector, while thermal energy (heating, cooling and process) is the majority end use energy in most countries. Community-scale solar thermal is being deployed in Denmark, Sweden, Germany and other locations, coupled with seasonal storage (large thermal pits, aquifer storage in Netherlands, etc). A challenge for solar thermal deployment in US cities is the value of real estate, shading from towers (vertical density) and distorted tariffs and rate structures (not to mention a glaring lack of coherent carbon policy...) This article offers an important rubric for better understanding of the symbiotic or comepetitive impacts of solar thermal in our current energy mix and helps to curate a better framework for discussion of policy outcomes.