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Obstacles To Renewable Energy Adoption In Colombia

Colombia is one of the main emerging economies of the South American continent and that means an ever-growing energy demand. In particular, electricity consumption is not only increasing but also changing from a matrix almost completely based on Hydropower, to a mix, where fossil fuels are ever more prevalent. Furthermore, there is a large portion of the country’s surface where electricity distribution cannot reach demand, the non-interconnected areas (NIA). NIA cover more than 50% of Colombian territory, where more than 625.000 people live. Diesel engines are mostly providing the electricity supply in NIA.

To match the electricity demand and the interconnection of the pending country areas, a low carbon economy has been set as a strategic priority for the Colombian government. To fulfill this objective, one of the main strategies is the use of renewable energy sources. These include conventional (i.e. big hydropower) and the so-called non-conventional renewable energy sources (NCRES): solar photovoltaic power, wind power, biomass, geothermal and small hydroelectric power (less than 20 MW of electric power installed).

However, in spite of having the potential to fully cover the electric demand, NCRES are still encountering different barriers against their exploitation. Thus, our research presents an assessment of the obstacles to that development in the non-interconnected areas of Colombia.

After a thorough review of previous studies, we identified a number of barriers that obstruct renewable energy sources from contributing to the electricity market. Then, the evaluation of each barrier for the Colombian case resulted in a list of eleven barriers, which were further classified into three clusters:

1. Technical

2. Social:

Economic:

Obstacles and energy alternatives were included in an assessment model by means of Analytical Network Process (ANP). ANP is a multi-criteria decision-making method proposed by T.L.Saaty that helps to model conflicts were uncertain and qualitative information need be used. ANP permits ranking the barriers and energy sources according to their influence in the network. That means the more conflictive the obstacles and the more obstructed the energy sources, the higher their values in the model. Four experts participated in the procedure representing different stakeholders in the electricity market of Colombia.

The research showed the most important barriers are costs of investment and operating; a lack of public and private coordination; and a lack of development planning for renewable energy sources. The sources most hindered by barriers are wind and geothermal power. Hence, the outcomes of the assessment can help prioritize which barriers to alleviate and which NCRES need more support.

Furthermore, the research ends with some recommendations to overcome the main obstacles against the participation of renewable energy sources in the Colombian electricity market. In general:

And regarding specifically the renewable sources of energy:

These findings are described in the article entitled Assessing the obstacles to the participation of renewable energy sources in the electricity market of Colombia, recently published in the journal Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsThis work was conducted by Tomás Gómez-Navarro and David Ribó-Pérez from the Universitat Politècnica de València.