The discovery of blood-typing and the subsequent ability to safely transfuse blood has revolutionized medicine and has allowed individuals to survive what previously were fatal bleeding complications related to surgery, traumatic and non-traumatic injury, and even pregnancy. While transfusion has been beneficial to many patients, there are individuals who, for religious or other reasons, decline blood products. This, in addition to the growing body of knowledge of certain risks associated with transfusion, has led to innovative approaches to the management...